virus and its types slideshare
2, Issue 08, 2014 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613 Type of Security Threats and its Prevention Piyush Bhatia1 Rahul Sehrawat2 1,2 Department of Information & Tehnology 1,2 Maharishi Dayanand University Abstract— Security is a branch of computer technology known as information security as applied to computers and networks. Immunity and its types: Innate and Acquired immunity. Vaccines- and its types - SlideShare The chassis also contains slots for . Virions, single virus particles, are 20-250 nanometers in diameter. Animal Cell Culture: Types, Applications • Microbe Online Types of Viruses: Flu, Smallpox, Coronavirus & More viruses range in size from 20 … PDF Chapter 6 - Virology - Viruses have a host range When one gene (cistron) codes for a single mRNA strand the mRNA is said to It is known as cavity virus. However, this is not the only possible type of virus-host interaction. There may be 1,000 to 10.000 different species of mRNA in a cell. 2. Malaria is a disease caused by an organism belonging to Protista. Viruses may be viewed as mobile genetic elements, most probably of cellular origin and characterized by a long co-evolution of virus and host. Inflammation is a process by which the body's white blood cells and substances they produce protect us from infection with foreign organisms, such as bacteria and viruses. Characters of Viruses Size of Viruses Shape of Viruses Structure of viruses - It consist of Capsid , nucleic acid and envelop. Fever: Types, Causes, Symptoms And Treatment | Netmeds Viral infections can occur in all types of life forms including plants, animals and other microorganisms . Immunity is derived from Latin word "immunis" which means free from burden. Rod shaped virus: This type of virus looks like small rod such as Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), Mumps virus etc. For example, the varicella-zoster virus infects many cells throughout the body and causes chickenpox, characterized by a rash of blisters covering the skin. Macro Virus • These type of virus infects word , excel, PowerPoint, access and other data files. These mRNA types differ only in the sequence of their bases and in length. Exposure to the live pathogen followed by recovery is one route to immunization. When the liver is inflamed or damaged, its function can be affected. But how does a virus recognize its host? There are three different virus types that are made distinct by their shape. PDF Classification of Viruses A virus is a small collection of genetic code, either DNA or RNA, surrounded by a protein coat. Various types of viruses: File Virus: This type of virus infects the system by appending itself to the end of a file. Often, they kill the host cell in the process, and cause damage to the host organism. 4. Details of these "breakthroughs" can be found in Hull (2002; plant viruses), Fenner, (2008; verte-brate viruses), and Ackermann (2008; bacterial viruses). While this may seem a little confusing, don't . Types of viruses: 1. Allow virus to adsorb to cells at 37°C for 2 hours (some virus types grow better at 37°C, for example influenza) followed by adding 0.5 ml maintenance medium to each well and place plates back to CO 2 incubator at 37°C or 34°C for performing immunostaining after 48- 72 hours (for some cells it may take up to 4-5 days as infection . Passive immunization Active immunization In Passive immunization . Viruses capable of latency may initially cause an acute infection before becoming dormant. These viruses avoid increasing the size of host file, thus making it difficult to detect the attack. Computer virus and antivirus 1. The S-protein is integrated over the surface of the virus, it mediates attachment of the virus to the host cell surface receptors and fusion between the viral and host cell membranes to facilitate viral entry into the host cell (Kirchdoerfer et al., 2016). What is Sniffing? Viruses are a specific group of microorganisms that can replicate only inside of a cell. Types of Virus Infection. 1. Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to discuss various types of computer viruses, along with their characteristics, working, effects on the computer systems and to suggest measures . 1. Heavy alcohol use, toxins, some medications, and certain medical conditions can cause hepatitis. Virus Classification on the basis of morphology and replication. Envelope viruses, such as influenza and HIV come covered in a protective lipid envelope. Some satellites code for a capsid protein, and in this case cells infected by a satellite and its helper virus release two distinct types of virus particle - one composed of the satellite nucleic acid associated with its capsid, the other corresponding to the helper virus. After the execution of its code, the control returns back to the main program. The vehicles used to introduce the transgene is known as vectors, various criteria to select vector for gene therapy are discussed here. - Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites . In the United States, the most common types of viral hepatitis are hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. ; Recombinant vector vaccines (platform-based vaccines) act like a natural infection, so they're especially good at teaching the immune system how to fight germs. A virus targeted for use in a vaccine may be grown through—"passaged" through—upwards of 200 different embryos or cell cultures. 2. Some dangerous viruses like the bubonic plague, swine flu, Lassa fever, ZIKA and SARS can infect and kill a . However, little is currently known about the biology of SARS-CoV-2. Vector Recombinant Vaccines: Some of vectors can be genetically modified and employed as vaccines against pathogens. 2. The major steps in reaching the current understanding of viruses are shown in the timeline in Figure 1.1. Sniffers can be hardware or software . 1.1.3 Confluent culture and the necessity of sub-culture. 2. Inactivated or killed viral vaccines contain viruses, which have lost their ability to replicate and in order for it to bring about a response it contains more antigen than live vaccines. III, Personal Computer Types. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is grouped to the genus Lentivirus within the family of Retroviridae, subfamily Orthoretrovirinae [].On the basis of genetic characteristics and differences in the viral antigens, HIV is classified into the types 1 and 2 (HIV-1, HIV-2). Diseases caused by helminths include Ascariasis, Taeniasis etc. Antigen and its types. The focus of this article is on these viruses that cause the majority of human viral hepatitis. Gene therapy vectors (Viral and non-viral) Viruses, liposomes, and naked DNA are some of the vehicles used to introduce transgene into the host genome. Its execution is not even noticed. Sniffing is a process of monitoring and capturing all data packets passing through given network. Viruses do not grow. 4. The human Υ-interferon is the single representative of its type. As viruses are obligate intracellular pathogens they cannot replicate without the machinery and metabolism of a host cell. A protein or carbohydrate that evokes our immune system and initiates the immune response is called an immunogen. A low-grade fever happens when the body temperature rises to 100.4F (38C) Cuboidal shaped virus: This type of virus is cubic shaped such as small pox viruses like Vaccinia and Variola, Canary pox, Herpes etc. File Infector Virus - As the name suggests, it first infects a single file and then later spreads itself to other executable files and programs. It is commonly the result of a viral infection, but there are other possible causes of hepatitis. A virus is a chain of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) which lives in a host cell, uses parts of the cellular machinery to reproduce, and releases the replicated nucleic acid chains to infect more cells. 1 Animal cell culture. It first binds to a receptor on the host cell surface through its S1 subunit and then fuses viral and host membranes through its S2 subunit. 16. Outline the events that lead to the formation of a plaque in a lawn of bacterial cells. Virus is nothing but the part of program which harms our data badly. Virus-host interactions are exemplifying by lytic virus multiplication: One or more virions infect a host cell, which is then converted into a factory for the synthesis of new viruses. Attachment: Viral proteins on the capsid or phospholipid envelope interact with It changes the start of a program so that the control jumps to its code. Antigen is a protein or polysaccharide, which when introduced into a living animal evokes a humoral (production of . These viruses are difficult to write and are hence very rare. Immunization is the process of eliciting a long-lived state of protective immunity against a disease-causing pathogen. 1.1 A. Their differences lie in whether they use a whole virus or bacterium; just the parts of the germ that triggers the immune system; or just the genetic material that provides the instructions for making specific proteins and not the whole virus. Outline the events that lead to the formation of a plaque in a lawn of bacterial cells. The gene coding the y-interferon protein is located on the long arm of chromosome 12. Every computer system requires at least one chassis to house the circuit boards and wiring. Some contagious viral infections in humans, like chickenpox, smallpox and measles, can be conquered with vaccines. At this time, no causal association between HPgV and human diseases has been … Viruses must infect cells and use components of the host cell to make copies of themselves. There are many versions and types of anti-virus programs that are on the market. • A virus that can encrypt its code in different ways so that it appears differently in each infection. Immunogens are associated with an infectious agent like bacterium, virus, fungus or parasites. Trojan horse 6. In this case burden refers to disease caused by microorganisms or their toxic products. Two domains in S1 from different coronavi … - Viruses replicate or multiply only within living cells. Virus. A computer virus is one type of malware that inserts its virus code to multiply itself by altering the programs and applications. Lets see Morphology and structure of viruses in detail. viruses 1. The normal body temperature ranges from 97F to 98.7F (36.1C to 37.2C), if your body temperature rises above this then you may have a fever. The chassis or case is the metal frame that serves as the structural support for electronic components. These include autoimmune hepatitis and . Viruses decrease the performance of the computer. Their size ranges between 210-305 mµ. Thus, it destroys the original program code by overwriting it with its . The main source of this virus are games and word processors. To reproduce, viruses must invade a living cell, which serves as a host, and then take over the hosts cellular apparatus. Viruses, on the other hand, employ all four possible nucleic acid types: dsDNA, single-stranded (ss) DNA, ssRNA, and dsRNA. Classification of microorganisms (Viruses) 2015 Begumisa MG lecture notes series Page 1 Classification of Viruses Viruses are not usually classified into conventional taxonomic groups but are usually grouped according to such properties as size, the type of nucleic acid they contain, the structure of the capsid and the Their size ranges between 210-305 mµ. 3. The type of cell line used for virus culture depends on the sensitivity of the cells to a particular virus; for example, Hep-2 cell line is excellent for the recovery of respiratory syncytial viruses, adenoviruses, and HSV. 1.1 Characteristics of HIV. Fungal infections include Ringworm infection, Athlete's foot, Yeast infections etc. Vaccines work by stimulating the immune system to attack specific harmful agents. The different types of vaccines There are three main approaches to designing a vaccine. Time bomb 2. Since 2002, beta coronaviruses (CoV) have caused three zoonotic outbreaks, SARS-CoV in 2002-2003, MERS-CoV in 2012, and the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 in late 2019. 15. Types of Computer Viruses• Boot Viruses - Copies the virus code in the boot sector of the disk, this ensures that the virus is always executed and loaded in the memory when the system starts• Polymorphic Viruses - Infects the system and change its signature before infecting the next system . When the file or document that run destroys others files also and spread to the computer slowly and steadily. HIV can be divided into two main types: HIV-1 and HIV-2. This virus targets and alters your browser setting. IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. Describe three direct counting methods and two indirect counting methods used to enumerate viruses. What is inflammation in the body? To overcome this, cells employ a system that allows them to show other cells what is inside them - they use molecules called 3. All four types are used by animal viruses. These viruses are usually stored as part of a document and can spread when the files are transmitted to other computers, often through email attachments. 1.1.2 Suspension cells. Computer viruses are just the same as the viruses or the dis- Computer Virus and Antivirus 2. Most of the viruses can be isolated by using one of these cell lines. Basic Computer Viruses Trojan Horses appears as interesting program file but when installed it allows intruders to access and read your files Worms virus that copies and multiplies itself by using computer networks and security flaws E-mail Viruses use e-mail messages to spread which allow it to automatically forward itself to thousands of . Every so often news about a viral outbreak goes viral and catches widespread public attention in the media. Types of Computer Viruses 3. A virus is often housed in a protein coat or protein envelope, a protective covering which allows the virus to survive between hosts.. Computer viruses come in different forms to infect the system in different ways. Classification of virus on the basis of genetic material present, presence of a number of strands, presence of envelope, capsid structure, shapes of the viruses, types of host, mode of transmission, replication properties, site of replication and Baltimore Classification. The cylindrical helical virus type is associated with the tobacco mosaic virus. - The term virus was coined by Pasteur, and is from the Latin word for poison. Virus classification is the process of naming viruses and placing them into a taxonomic system similar to the classification systems used for cellular organisms.. 1.2 B. The induction of interferon synthesis concerns α- and β-interferon's which belong to a single class, called Type I. Gamma-interferon belongs to a separate class, called Type II. Scientists have been studying various types of viruses for decades. A computer virus is a program file that is enough to capable make its own code without the knowledge of the user by link-ing the file to the document. In the past, viruses were classified by the type of nucleic acid they contained, DNA or RNA, and whether they had single- or double-stranded nucleic acid. VACCINES & ITS TYPES Ms Saajida Sultaana Mahusook. Most animal viruses are classified as icosahedral and are nearly spherical in shape. Once infected repairing of these files is very much difficult. Vaccines- and its types. Describe three direct counting methods and two indirect counting methods used to enumerate viruses. (Oncovirus); Human papilloma virus (HPV), Epstein-BarrVirus, (EBV), Hepatitis B virus, Herpes virus; Hepatitis B and C virus is casually related with hepato-cellular . Its genetic material can be either RNA or DNA, encapsulated in a proteinaceous coat called the capsid . HIV-1 viruses can then be further categorized into different groups, subtypes, and strains. Viruses often bind to cell-surface receptors on the host cell. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), West Nile virus, avian influenza (bird flu), Ebola, Middle East respiratory virus, and Zika virus have each become, in a flurry of headlines and broadcasts and interviews, the focus of the media's spotlight. Examples of diseases caused by a virus are Chickenpox, Small Pox, Measles, Polio. Poxviruses are brick or oval-shaped viruses with large double-stranded DNA genomes. 2 On the basis of the life span of culture, the cell lines are categorized into two types: 2.1 Finite cell lines. The size of viral genomes also varies greatly. Poxviruses exist throughout the world and cause disease in humans and many other types of animals. 3. Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) is the first discovered retro-virus causing cancer. Types of Computer Virus: Overwrite Virus: It is the simplest computer virus that overwrites the code of the host computer system's file with its own malicious code. Viruses are classified by phenotypic characteristics, such as morphology, nucleic acid type, mode of replication, host organisms, and the type of disease they cause. Human pegivirus (HPgV, formerly called GB virus C/hepatitis G virus) is a poorly understood RNA virus of the Flaviviridae family. Secondary cell culture and cell line. Virus has also been associated with various types of cancers. Their existence can harm our hardware part also.. 2 3. Virus Definition. List the types of approaches used to cultivate viruses, noting which types of viruses are cultivated by each method. The future of vaccines . Different Types of Viruses in Biology - Flowchart. The computer gets infected through the replication of malicious code. Also Read: Influenza Virus: Debunking Common Myths About The Contagious Disease. Viruses are typically described as obligate intracellular parasites, acellular infectious agents that require the presence of a host cell in order to multiply.Viruses that have been found to infect all types of cells - humans, animals, plants, bacteria, yeast, archaea, protozoa…some scientists even claim they have found a virus that infects other viruses! List the types of approaches used to cultivate viruses, noting which types of viruses are cultivated by each method. About 10 to 12 . Attackers use sniffers to capture data packets containing sensitive information such as password, account information etc. Types of Computer Viruses By Osama G. Geris Trojan Horses Trojan horse or Trojan is a type of malware that is often disguised as legitimate software. Vaccine, suspension of weakened or killed microorganisms or toxins or other biological preparation, such as those consisting of antibodies, lymphocytes, or mRNA, that is administered to prevent disease. • May attack in more than one methods. - Viruses replicate or multiply. 1.1.1 Adherent cells. For example, the virus that causes . They therefore parasitize viruses. Abstract. These are extremely small organisms and visible only under an electron microscope. Did you know that scientists are still working to create new types of vaccines? • The type of disease -Murine leukemia virus • Geographic locations -Sendai virus, Coxsackie virus • Their discovers -Epstein-Barr virus • How they were originally thought to be contracted -Dengue virus ("evil spirit"), Influenza virus (the "influence" of bad air) • Combinations of the above -Rous Sarcoma virus Boot sector virus 4. Via cytotoxic cells When a virus infects a person (host), it invades the cells of its host in order to survive and replicate. These classifications take into account the different ways in which the virus can infect different parts of a system. There are generally two types of inflammation: acute and chronic inflammation. Increase in the number of virus . Some viruses are simply composed of an inert protein shell containing DNA or RNA. Vaccines against Viruses- Vaccinia Virus: Vaccinia viruses is basically the vaccine that was originally used by Jenner for the eradication of smallpox. introduction to viruses a virus consists of two or three parts: genes, made from either dna or rna, long molecules that carry genetic information protein coat that protects the genes; and in some viruses, an envelope of fat viruses vary in shape from the simple helical and icosahedral to more complex structures. Sniffers are used by network/system administrator to monitor and troubleshoot network traffic. For propagation viruses depend on specialized host cells supplying the complex metabolic and . Virions accumulate in the cell, which eventually disintegrates and scatters its contents. Viral vaccines contain either inactivated viruses or attenuated (alive but not capable of causing disease) viruses. Logical bomb 3. Here, using SARS-CoV-2 S protein pseudovirus system, we confirm that … Virus is a sub microscopic infectious agent with a diameter ranging from 20 to 300 nm. - Viruses are not cells, do not have nuclei or mitochondria or ribosomes or other cellular components. The molecular biology of this virus has been clearly worked out. Hepatitis refers to an inflammatory condition of the liver. These types of viruses are known as latent viruses and may cause latent infections. Once inside, the cells of the immune system cannot 'see' the virus and therefore do not know that the host cell is infected. Trojans can be employed by cyber-thieves and hackers trying to gain access to users' systems. Browser Hijacker. plant viruses has produced several of the major findings for virology in general. 2.5 Cavity Virus signatures in its database. Main Text. Types of Computer Viruses. The formal taxonomic classification of viruses is the . The content of the infected file is replaced partially or completely without changing the size of the file. Spacefiller Virus - It is a rare type of virus which fills in the empty spaces of a file with viruses. Rod shaped virus: This type of virus looks like small rod such as Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), Mumps virus etc. Molecular analysis of viral replicative cycles is now more routinely used to classify viruses. Cuboidal shaped virus: This type of virus is cubic shaped such as small pox viruses like Vaccinia and Variola, Canary pox, Herpes etc. These viruses are called oncoviruses . With each passage, the virus becomes better at replicating in chick cells, but loses its ability to replicate in human cells. Sniffing and its Types. Most plant viruses have ssRNA genomes, and most bacterial and archaeal viruses have dsDNA. Here are 2 exciting examples: DNA vaccines are easy and inexpensive to make—and they produce strong, long-term immunity. Some Types of Diseases Explained Briefly Typhoid Above, we learned the steps involved in the virus life cycle, starting from attachment to target cells to progeny production. Antivirus programs function to scan, detect and remove viruses from your computer. Macro Virus. The most common hepatitis viruses are types A, B, and C. Reference to the hepatitis viruses often occurs in an abbreviated form (for example, HAV, HBV, HCV represent hepatitis viruses A, B, and C, respectively.) Although the replicative life cycle of viruses differs greatly between species and category of virus, there are six basic stages that are essential for viral replication. Poxvirus infections typically result in the formation of lesions, skin nodules, or disseminated rash. Primary cell culture. viruses 1. The M-protein is most abundant in the viral surface and it is believed to be the central organizer for the coronavirus assembly. Viruses are small obligate intracellular parasites, which by definition contain either a RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protective, virus-coded protein coat. 8 Introduction to Viruses . Worm 5. They can grow 800 mµ in length and 15 mµ in diameter. This type of virus is commonly found in programs such as Microsoft Word or Excel. Therefore, there are approximately as many types of mRNA molecules as there are genes. Actual personal computers can be generally classified by size and chassis / case. However, hepatitis is often caused by a virus. Virus is a smallest infectious particle, Unicellular, Obligate Intracellular parasite. Antivirus software is a type of program designed and developed to protect computers from malware like viruses, computer worms, spyware, botnets, rootkits, keyloggers and such. [1][2][3] Acute Inflammation. Usually each gene transcribes its own mRNA. Type of genomic nucleic acid Size of virion and genome Capsid structure Host Replication mechanism Size of Viruses Ranges of sizes 20 nm to 500 nm (spherical) 12 nm to 300-2000 nm (rod like) Easily observed with electron microscope Ex.1 Mimivirus is 500 nm Infects algae Ex.2 Parvovirus is 20 nm in diameter Infects algae Viral genomes range in . However, the virus life cycle is not always fully executed, because the invading virus encounters many obstacles, such as host immune response and host factors, that restrict the viral propagation. Types Of Fever. There are a couple of different types of computer viruses: boot sector viruses, parasitic viruses, multi-partite viruses, companion viruses, link viruses and macro viruses. Using chick embryos as an example, the virus is grown in different embryos in a series. Virus Structure It comes to us through an effected device or mostly through internet.. Type # 3. A virus cannot replicate alone. The coronavirus spike protein is a multifunctional molecular machine that mediates coronavirus entry into host cells. The virus code overwrites the empty spaces in the host program instead of appending or prepending itself. The HPgV infection is common worldwide and the virus is likely transmitted by blood products. They can grow 800 mµ in length and 15 mµ in diameter. Their toxic products Υ-interferon is the first discovered retro-virus causing cancer start of a viral infection, Athlete & x27! Other microorganisms isolated by using one of these cell lines that run destroys others files also and to. 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