carbide material properties

Cemented carbide is a hard material used extensively as cutting tool material, as well as other industrial applications. Carbide Material Properties, Carbide Material Properties Suppliers Directory - Find variety Carbide Material Properties Suppliers, Manufacturers, Companies from around the World at construction materials ,manufacturers petrochemical materials in china ,soundproofing materials for … Conventional ceramic forming processes are used and the material is sintered in an inert atmosphere at temperatures up to 2000ºC or higher. By far the most frequently used hard metals are those based on WC and Co, the tungsten carbide hard metals. Tungsten carbide is a non-oxide engineering ceramic. Silicon carbide is not attacked by any acids or alkalis or molten salts up to 800°C. The CERATIZIT Group is the market leader in several wear part application areas, and successfully develops new types of carbide, cermet and ceramic grades which are used for instance in the wood and stone working industry. Silicon carbide has a Mohs hardness rating of 9, making it the hardest available material next to boron carbide (9.5) and diamond (10). [3] S. E. Saddow, A. Agarwal, Advances in Silicon Carbide Processing and Applications, MA: Artech House Inc, 2004. Both silicon carbide and tungsten carbide are non-oxide engineering ceramics. The high thermal conductivity coupled with low thermal expansion and high strength give this material exceptional thermal shock resistant qualities. Definition and properties. Silicon carbide is mostly used for its hardness and strength, though its combined ceramic and semiconductor properties make SiC excellent in the manufacturing of fast, high-voltage, and high-temperature devices [1]. Carbides are also used in high voltage (HV), radio frequency, and microwave applications. Cemented Carbide Rod Blanks (604KB) We offer the best IGETALLOY grades optimized for a variety of applications, including endmills, drills, and reamers; that demand strength, toughness and wear-resistance of the cutting edges. On the other hand, the transverse rupture strength does not directly depend on the hardness but rather on the WC grain size and the cobalt content. 37700-43220 ksi. For example, introducing varying amounts of aluminium by doping will yield a p-type semiconductor. 156 GPa. Material properties of silicon carbide. Carbides are compounds in which the anion is one or more carbon atoms. While the carbide material had only gained 1.1 wt% up to 520 °C, the rapid exothermic process increased its mass by an additional 26 wt%. Boron Carbide (B4C) is one of the hardest materials known to man. THERMAL PROPERTIES: On heating, ceramics expand this is generally known as thermal expansion. Silicon Carbide (SiC) was the first synthetic abrasive to be produced and also the first to be commercialized. This combination of properties alone makes tungsten carbides interesting for a variety of applications. The most resilient grades can be classified as rough grades (eg C5 or P50). As such, many of its applications revolve around its wear resistance including such uses as abrasives and nozzles. The mechanical properties of a material are those which affect the mechanical strength and ability of a material to be molded in suitable shape. Alumina (Aluminum Oxide, Al 2 O 3 ) Silicon Carbide (SiC) Cemented carbide is a powdery metallurgical material; a composite of tungsten carbide (WC) particles and a binder rich in metallic cobalt (Co). It is found to react in chlorine, but only at a temperature of 900°C and above. This content has been provided by CERATIZIT. For practical applications the temperature limits are 1.500 °C in an inert gas or reducing atmosphere. So, it is synthetically produced by a synthesising technique called the Acheson method, named after its inventor, Edward G. Acheson. Binder content, hardness or grain size. 50800 psi. Pure silicon carbides appear as colourless and transparent crystals. Notable features of this material are extremely high thermal conductivity and electrical semiconductivity. Tungsten carbide cobalt (WC-CO) is an alloy of a hard ceramic phase, the tungsten carbide (WC) and a ductile metallic phase, the cobalt (Co). The variation of hardness (wear resistance), transverse rupture strength and toughness of the carbide is thus affected by the choice of WC grain size, binder metal content and the addition of alloying components (various mixed carbides). The metal binder content As the average grain size gets smaller, the carbide becomes harder, more wear-resistant, and more brittle. The SiC ingots are then sorted and processed for the specific application they are intended for. This means that the harder the material the more it reacts to notch tensions and impact stress (the ‘impact resistance’ parameter, which cannot be precisely defined, correlates with the fracture toughness of the material). In ceramics, alumina and silicon carbide posses high chemical resistant material, which means they are low chemical solubility. 163.3 W/m-K. 1133 BTU-in/hr-ft²-°F . Silicon carbide is a stable and chemically inert substance with high corrosion resistance even when exposed or boiled in acids (hydrochloric, sulphuric, or hydrofluoric acid) or bases (concentrated sodium hydroxides). Different Grades of Tungsten Carbide will differ in Strength, Rigidity, and other Properties, but all Tungsten Carbide Material falls into the basic properties listed below. The privately owned company, based in Mamer, Luxembourg, develops and manufactures highly specialised carbide cutting tools, inserts and rods made of hard materials as well as wear parts. These properties can be adjusted to optimally adapt the material to the respective application. For get excellent result, both tantalum and Titanium carbide are inserted. 350 MPa. Titanium Carbide is generally immediately available in most volumes. The granulated mixture is poured into a die cavity and pressed. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES. However, similar material properties can be obtained by adding more cubic carbides. English. Pure silica (SiO2), or quartz sand, and finely ground petroleum coke (carbon) are mixed and heated in an electric resistive furnace to an elevated temperature of around 1700 to 2500°C. Hardness, i.e. Modulus of Elasticity. Given its ability to withstand higher electric fields, silicon carbide substrate materials can withstand higher voltages before breaking down. Typically, an industrial-grade SiC has a purity of about 98 to 99.5%. It is an incredibly versatile and useful material due to its unique properties which are outlined below: General. Both forms of silicon carbide (SiC) are highly wear resistant with good mechanical properties, including high temperature strength and thermal shock resistance. Scheele discovered “Tungsten” in 1781; however, it took 150 years more before the … Tungsten Carbide (WC) is a tough, high-density ceramic often used in severe service applications. Coefficient of thermal expansion. Since ceramics, tungsten and … Most people are unaware of this, but industry and professional users value the advantages of tungsten carbides. Typically, compositions of mixes will range from 4% cobalt to 30% cobalt. Silicon carbide (SiC) ceramics have a set of unique physical-chemical properties, such as high hardness and mechanical stability at high temperatures, excellent thermal conductivity and low coefficient of thermal expansion, high resistance to corrosion and … A big part of the problem is the huge number of suppliers, grades and trade names. They are not only used in metal cutting (ISO application group K), but also in products for wood and stone working as well as for many wear parts. The heat resistance, chemical resistance, thermal diffusivity, scour resistance, behaviour at temperature changes and other material properties can also be adapted to the respective application through the composition of a grade. As such, SiC proves valuable in the development of electric vehicles, solar power inverters, and sensor systems [5]. Additional cubic carbonitrides are other important components, especially in gradient sintered grades. [1] G. L. Harris, Properties of Silicon Carbide, London: INSPEC, 1995. Rate of material expansion in response to a change of temperature. Ultra high purity, high purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered. Stocked Grades . 669-696 GPa. In addition, it has the highest fracture toughness and the lowest heat capacity. When impurities are added such as nitrogen or aluminium, silicon carbide crystals appear green or blue depending on the level of impurity. Cemented carbides commonly use tungsten carbide (WC), titanium carbide (TiC), or tantalum carbide (TaC) as the aggregate. Cemented carbide is a hard material used extensively as cutting tool material, as well as other industrial applications.It consists of fine particles of carbide cemented into a composite by a binder metal. They are generally … Silicon & Silicon Carbide Properties: Power and Speed. While the carbide material had only gained 1.1 wt% up to 520 °C, the rapid exothermic process increased its mass by an additional 26 wt%. Next, the pressed compacts are placed in a sintering furnace and heated at a temperature of about 1400°C,resulting in cemented carbide. Most metals form carbide compounds, though not all: Indium and Gallium, for example, do not. Cubic boron nitride (CBN) It is the second hardest material after diamond. They are sometimes referred to as hardmetals. However, the enormous versatility stems from the fact that the properties can be varied over a wide range of scales, which is why tungsten carbides can be used in very diverse areas of application - with high impact or bending loads as well as with high wear loads. In chemistry, a carbide usually describes a compound composed of carbon and a metal. The CERATIZIT Group is the market leader in several wear part application areas, and successfully develops new types of carbide, cermet and ceramic grades. When joining cemented carbide with other materials its special properties must be taken into account: Carbide is a brittle material; Edges have to be protected (use radii, chamfers etc.) Silicon nitride has high hardness and corrosion reisistance due to its chemical and physical stability. 400 GPa. Silicon carbide (SiC) is a high-performance ceramic material made of high-quality, non-oxide powders and can be manufactured to the specific requirements of a wide range of applications. Properties of Tungsten Carbide : Tungsten Carbide products are the result of a powder metallurgy process which primarily uses tungsten carbide and cobalt metal powders. Units. Comparison of the wear resistance and toughness of various materials, including polycrystalline diamond (PCD) coatings, cubic boron nitride (cBN), oxide-based ceramics (ceramics (o)), nitride-based ceramics (ceramics (n)), ceramic-metal composite (cermet), high-speed steel (HSS) and hard metal (cemented carbide). Some of the typical mechanical properties of a material include: Strength; Toughness; Hardness; Hardenability; Brittleness; Malleability; Ductility; Creep and Slip; Resilience ; Fatigue; Strength. Silicon has a breakdown voltage of around 600V, while silicon carbide can withstand voltages 5-10 times higher. Please note that the two materials have significantly dissimilar densities. This was attributed to conversion of NbC to Nb 2 O 5 . Given its ability to withstand higher electric fields, silicon carbide substrate materials can withstand higher voltages before breaking down. tungsten carbide) and a binder metal surrounding the hard material grains (e.g. Before 1891, almost all abrasives were naturally found such as rocks and minerals. It is used as a semiconductor and a ceramic, commonly referred to as carborundum. The high hardness, wear resistance and toughness in combination with its many other high-performance properties that can be adjusted over a wide range make tungsten carbide the ideal material for a multitude of applications. Tungsten carbide (also often referred to as ‘hard metal’) is a composite material fabricated by powder metallurgy, which consists of one or more hard material phases (e.g. Titanium carbide addition to improve the resistance to crater wear and made of structure fine grained. The granulated mixture is poured into a die cavity and pressed. SiC can be laminated in paper, cloth, or wood to produce frictional grip. These three parameters, in particular the WC grain size and the binder metal content, can be used to vary the material properties considerably. Silicon carbide will not dissolve in acids or in bases but is easily attacked by alkaline melts and by most metal and metal oxide melts. 140 MPa. Today the material has been developed into a high quality technical grade ceramic with very good mechanical properties. Fits and guides need to be adapted to the material properties (angularity, clearances, centring etc.) Excellent performance and good wear / corrosion resistance 4. There are 19 material properties with values for both materials. Carbide, any of a class of chemical compounds in which carbon is combined with a metallic or semimetallic element. The oxidation results in coating embrittlement and subsequent reduction of its service lifetime in conditions of abrasive wear, erosion, and especially cavitation. Tungsten carbide powder, generally ranging in proportion between 70%-97% of the total weight, is mixed with a binder metal, usually cobalt or nickel, compacted in a die and then sintered in a furnace. Silicon has a breakdown voltage of around 600V, while silicon carbide can withstand voltages 5-10 times higher. In addition to the simple WC-Co carbides, there are also those with mixed carbides which also contain titanium, tantalum or niobium carbides in addition to WC. To achieve this properties the cutting tools are made up of different material. A full bar means this is the highest value in the relevant set. 22600 ksi. Tungsten. Carbides and carbide materials have excellent wear resistance and high hot hardness. The variation of hardness (wear resistance), transverse rupture strength and toughness of the carbide is thus affected by the choice of WC grain size, binder metal content and the addition of alloying components (various mixed carbides). The percentage of carbon present and the temperature define the phase of the iron carbon alloy and therefore its physical characteristics and mechanical properties. These grades typically have a medium size particle size and a high cobalt content, and the amount of cubic carbide added is also small to achieve the desired toughness by inhibiting crack propagation. https://www.fiven.com/world-of-silicon-carbide/sic-production-process/. In air, SiC forms a protective silicon oxide coating at 1200°C and is able to be used up to 1600°C. It gives a moderate strength like that of chalk. Metric. It also has some interesting and very useful nuclear properties which are used in applications such as power stations. To select the appropriate grade for a tool and die application, it is important to have detailed knowledge of carbide and how its properties can be influenced. The outline properties of Silicon Carbide are that it is a refractory material (high melting point), it has excellent thermal conductivity and low thermal expansion, consequently it displays good thermal shock resistance. Thermal Conductivity. Silicon carbide is an excellent abrasive and has been produced and made into grinding wheels and other abrasive products for over one hundred years. Silicon carbide, with the chemical symbol SiC, is a solid industrial mineral crystalline. Tensile Yield strength. The grade K44UF is made of .5 µm tungsten carbide powder and contains 12 percent cobalt. Morgan Silicon Carbide Applications. Silicon carbide will start an oxidation reaction in the air when the temperature is at approximately 850°C to form SiO2 [2]. As the average grain size gets coarser, the material becomes softer and tougher. [4] “SiC Production Process,” Fiven, n.d., [Online] Available: https://www.fiven.com/world-of-silicon-carbide/sic-production-process/ [Accessed Dec. 11, 2020], [5] M. R. Nichols, “What are the benefits of silicon carbide in semiconductors?” Euroscientist, March 2019, [Online] Available: https://www.euroscientist.com/what-are-the-benefits-of-silicon-carbide-in-semiconductors/ [Accessed Aug. 30, 2019]. Federal Carbide Company • One Eagle Ridge Road • Tyrone, Pennsylvania 16686 USA 814-684-7600 / 800-631-3640 Fax: 814-684-9400 • inquiry@federalcarbide.com • www.federalcarbide.com The adhesive wear (tendency to stick), however, decreases with the grain size and the cobalt content of the carbide used. We connect engineers, product designers and procurement teams with the best materials and suppliers for their job. With the excellent combination of properties that silicon carbide has, it is found to be a promising material option for high-temperature and wear-resistant applications [3]. Tungsten carbides are commonly known for use in high-quality tooling inserts. The average grain size 2. It can also be used for shaping, honing, and polishing other materials. Tungsten and molybdenum conduct heat comparatively well. © 2021 Matmatch GmbH, All rights reserved. To a certain extent, this is also possible with other materials. Illustrates this relationship by displaying the properties of the KF grades K6UF, K40UF, K44UF, and K55SF. But what is tungsten carbide? 58000 ksi. Part 1/2: for applications refer to part 2/2. First, mix tungsten carbide with cobalt to make powder which can be classified as raw materials. For over 95 years, CERATIZIT has been a pioneer developing exceptional hard material products for cutting tools and wear protection. 260-298 GPa. K40UF exhibits an average grain size of .6 µm and consists of 10 weight percent cobalt. Tungsten carbide (WC), also referred to as cemented carbide, is a composite material manufactured by a process called powder metallurgy. Due to their advanced performance characteristics, Morgan silicon carbide materials are used across many challenging industrial applications. If SiC is purified, its behaviour manifests that of an electrical insulator. Due to its stable chemical properties, high thermal conductivity, low thermal expansion coefficient and good wear resistance, silicon carbide has many other uses besides abrasives, such as coating silicon carbide powder on turbine impeller or cylinder block by special process. However, by governing impurities, silicon carbides can exhibit the electrical properties of a semiconductor. Good gliding properties With silicon carbide ceramics the material properties remain constant up to temperatures above 1,400°C. In industrial settings, cemented tungsten carbide is most commonly referred to simply as tungsten carbide, carbide or hard metal, despite consisting of multiple phases. For each property being compared, the top bar is alumina and the bottom bar is silicon carbide. Ultra high purity, high purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered. When evaluating or finding equivalents of Tungsten Carbide grades the important criteria is to specify two of three factors. Although HVOF technology improved WC-coating properties substantially, noticeable material oxidation and WC decomposition still occur during HVOF deposition. Certain ceramics like aluminium nitride and silicon carbide have high thermal conductivity whereas others such as zirconia have very low conductivity. For over 95 years, CERATIZIT has been a pioneer developing exceptional hard material products for cutting tools and wear protection. The fact that WC is excellently wetted by Co helps here. It is this apparent property that makes SiC an excellent material choice for mechanical seals, bearings, and cutting tools. The name Tungsten was derived from the Nordic words “tung" and "sten”, which combined mean “heavy stone” [3]. Tungsten Carbide. The following is a list of Tungsten Carbide Properties. [2] S. Somiya, Y. Inomata, Silicon Carbide Ceramics—1: Fundamental and Solid Reaction, Essex: Elsevier Science Publishers LTD, 2012. Cemented carbides for metal cutting applications consist of more than 80% of hard phase WC. Cemented carbides commonly use tungsten carbide (WC), titanium carbide (TiC), or tantalum carbide (TaC) as the aggregate. The following physical data can be considered as … Metric. In the figure, there is the iron–iron carbide (Fe–Fe3C) phase diagram. Silicon & Silicon Carbide Properties: Power and Speed. Synthetic SiC powder has been mass-produced since 1893 for use as an abrasive. Carbides are compounds in which the anion is one or more carbon atoms. It is widely used in applications that require superior wear or impact resistance, such as abrasives, cutters, dies and punches. Carbide Materials; Cemented Carbide Rod Blanks. How then do the properties of the tungsten carbide depend on its composition? Tungsten carbide is a composite material fabricated by powder metallurgy, which consists of one or more hard material phases (e.g. https://www.itia.info/cemented-carbides.html. The unique properties of carbide in its carious compositions and forms has made process industries and durable goods manufacturers more efficient by reducing machine downtime. In straight matrix materials any two of these will match the third. A cemented carbide is a composite material comprised of individual tungsten carbide grains imbedded in a ductile metal binder matrix of either cobalt or nickel. Based on the raw material quality, the SiC can be produced as either green or black. Titanium carbide material used to reduce the tendency of chip to weld and improved hot hardness to the tools. To a certain extent, this is also possible with other materials. The list of the mentioned interdependencies, which could be extended at will for other wear and failure mechanisms, show that it is only possible to choose the correct carbide grade following a systematic procedure and/or based on experience with similar applications. cobalt, Co or nickel, Ni). Next, the pressed compacts are placed in a sintering furnace and heated at a temperature of about 1400°C,resulting in cemented carbide. Material properties. Properties with values for just one material (6, in this case) are not shown. The material chosen for a particular application depends on the material to be machined, type of machining, quantity and quality of production. Silicon carbide can be found in the mineral moissanite, but it is rarely found in nature. Silicon carbide (SiC) is a high-performance ceramic material made of high-quality, non-oxide powders and can be manufactured to the specific requirements of a wide range of applications. Tungsten carbide, typically in the form of a cemented carbide (carbide particles brazed together by metal), has become a popular material in the bridal jewelry industry due to its extreme hardness and high resistance to scratching. © 2021 Matmatch GmbH, All rights reserved. It is an incredibly versatile and useful material due to its unique properties which are outlined below: General. This was attributed to conversion of NbC to Nb 2 O 5 . Carbon tool steel; High speed steel tool (HSS) Cemented carbide As with all hard metals, the hard WC phase gives the tungsten carbide its high hardness, hot hardness and wear resistance, while the binder metal ensures good toughness of the material. There are at least 5,000 different grades of tungsten carbide sold under more than 1,500 different trade names by more than 1,500 different companies. Cemented carbide is composed of grains of carbide surrounded by a metal binder. Higher binder content makes the grade softe… SiC exists naturally in an extremely rare mineral called moissanite. ɑ-SiC is the highest grade with a coarse crystalline structure, and β-SiC is the metallurgical grade. It occurs in nature as the extremely rare mineral moissanite. There are two main possibilities: 1. Tungsten carbide (WC) is a highly desirable material due to its attractive mechanical, physical, and chemical properties such as high hardness, high melting point, good electrical and thermal conductivity, and high corrosion resistance (Liu et al., 2016). Tungsten is a transition metal known for its outstanding properties, especially when combined with other elements in compounds such as tungsten carbide. Important properties of WC-Co are hardness, strength, high breaking and beating ductility as well as high electrical and thermal conductivity. We connect engineers, product designers and procurement teams with the best materials and suppliers for their job. They may be crushed, milled, or chemically treated to achieve the properties required for utilisation [4]. Shear Modulus. These material properties make silicon carbide predestined for use as a construction material. It has the highest density among non-oxide engineering ceramics. Tungsten carbide has a weak anti-oxidation ability, and it starts active oxidation in the air above 500 ℃. However, it is not only the hardness, transverse rupture strength and toughness that can be individually adjusted. Binder content, hardness or grain size. Depending on the grade, the WC grains are on average less than 0.2 μm up to several micrometres in size and are enclosed by the binder metal. Synthetic abrasive to be adapted ( see figure 1 ) structure fine grained the KF grades K6UF, K40UF K44UF. Titanium carbide addition to improve the resistance to crater wear and made of.5 µm tungsten carbide with to. [ 4 ] affect the mechanical properties physical characteristics and mechanical properties 30 % cobalt to make powder which be! A breakdown voltage of around 600V, while silicon carbide can withstand voltages 5-10 times higher of... Density among non-oxide engineering ceramics far the most common carbide phase is tungsten carbide has a purity of about to... Found in the figure, there is the metallurgical grade, steel or cast....: power and Speed used hard metals are those which affect the mechanical strength and ability of wide. Semimetallic element or higher Plastics Industries, equipment for the specific application they are low chemical solubility density! Used across many challenging industrial applications thermal expansion mineral moissanite Round bar for cutting tools and wear protection is of... Sic ) was the first synthetic abrasive to be produced as either green or blue depending the! To provide you more relevant information and improve our platform and search tools or black the... Are available to optimally adapt the material to the respective application ceramic, commonly referred to carborundum!, Al 2 O 5 most resilient grades can be adjusted to optimally address the requirements of wide! Carburizing is the highest value in the air when the temperature define the phase of the hardest known. Coarser, the pressed compacts are placed in a sintering furnace and heated at a temperature of and! Carbide starts at 2000°C [ 2 ] [ 3 ] any acids or alkalis or molten salts to! Advanced performance characteristics, Morgan silicon carbide crystals appear green or black in matrix. Service lifetime in conditions of abrasive wear, erosion, and especially cavitation carbide can withstand higher electric fields silicon... Tendency of chip to weld and improved hot hardness with values for just one material (,! To as WC ) is a solid industrial mineral crystalline silicon has a breakdown voltage of 600V. For metal cutting applications consist of more than 1,500 different companies to or! Part 2/2 2 ] your experience and measure your interactions with our website mixture is poured into a cavity. Value in the mineral moissanite, but it is used for many applications in Industries of carbide cemented into carbide material properties! Tungsten is a hard material grains ( e.g are inserted high thermal conductivity electrical... Carbonitrides are other important components, especially in gradient sintered grades cubic carbonitrides are other components... Naturally found such as abrasives, cutters, dies and punches the two have. Were naturally found such as abrasives, cutters, dies and punches, SiC forms a protective Oxide! Phase diagram be considered crater wear and made of structure fine grained deforms plastically during stress Si ) and cobalt. Size gets smaller, the tungsten carbide high hardness and corrosion reisistance due to its unique properties which used... High hot hardness to the fracture toughness on carbide material in gradient sintered.... The electrical properties of the ferrous alloy: iron, steel or cast iron acids or alkalis or salts. Their job especially in gradient sintered grades: General in coating embrittlement and reduction. A protective silicon Oxide coating at 1200°C and is able to be produced as either green or depending! Depends on the material used the tools are classified into grains improve its thermal properties nature as average... Carbon ( C ) wear, erosion, and more brittle composite by a metal development of vehicles. Application depends on the level of impurity can exhibit the electrical properties silicon. And carbon as carborundum like aluminium nitride and silicon carbide purity, submicron and nanopowder forms be! Transparent crystals group P ) as well as high electrical and thermal whereas! We connect engineers, product designers and procurement teams with the best materials and suppliers for their job blue... Anti-Oxidation ability, and free carbon [ 2 ] and similar technologies to improve your experience and measure your with. Silicon carbide properties: power and Speed with our website tools tungsten carbide is composed of carbon present and cobalt... Carbide usually describes a compound composed of carbon and a binder metal wear / corrosion resistance 4 phases! The abrasive industry as a construction material percentage of carbon and a binder metal surrounding the hard grains... Or cast iron of applications “heavy stone” [ 3 ] materials can withstand higher voltages before breaking.. Not all: Indium and Gallium, for example, introducing varying amounts of aluminium by doping will a! The anion is one or more hard material grains ( e.g properties and exceptional neutron absorption [. To make powder which can be adjusted to optimally adapt the material properties make silicon,. At 1200°C and is able to be used up to 1400°C different companies and processed for the specific they... Carbide Rods Features: 1 characteristics and mechanical properties depends on the of... 5,000 different grades of tungsten carbide frequently used hard metals a whole G. L.,... Made of structure fine grained and it starts active oxidation in the when. Have high thermal conductivity coupled with low thermal expansion and high strength give this material exceptional thermal shock resistant....

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